Adhesive-Containing Wound Closure Device And Method

ABSTRACT

A tissue bonding article includes a flexible material, an adhesive substance applied over at least a portion of a bottom side of the flexible material, and a polymerizable adhesive composition permeated throughout at least a portion of the flexible material.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of Invention

The present invention relates to medical and surgical wound closure andmanagement, and methods for making and using such devices. Inparticular, the present invention relates to medical and surgical woundclosure and management, and related methods, where the deviceincorporates a polymerizable adhesive material. The materials andmethods of the present invention provide an improvement over, and asubstitute for, conventional bandages, sutures and staples, and provideimproved methods for both approximating and covering wounds, thusproviding improved wound management.

2. Description of Related Art

There are currently in primary use at least four basic ways for closingwounds resulting from surgical incisions or accidental lacerations.These are sutures, surgical staples, surgical skin tapes, and adhesivecompositions. Sutures are generally recognized as providing adequatewound support for the duration of wound healing. However, suturinginvolves additional trauma to the wound, as the needle and suturematerial must be passed through the tissue at the margins of the wound.In addition, suturing can cause cosmetically unattractive wound closuremarks, can be time consuming, and, depending on techniques and types ofsutures used, may require removal. Such removal entails further medicalattention and can involve additional pain and trauma to the patientparticularly if the sutures become embedded in the wound.

Surgical staples have disadvantages similar to sutures in terms ofcosmetic result. Further, removal of the staples can be painful and,depending on location and patient pain threshold, may require topicalanesthetics.

Skin closure strips, such as conventional adhesive bandages, areutilized for closure of relatively superficial skin wounds. However, thecontact adhesives that are used with such strips typically retainholding power for no more than a day or two and can lose holding powerquickly in the presence of moisture, for example, perspiration.

Direct application of adhesives has also been proposed and used forwound closure purposes, especially involving cyanoacrylate adhesives.Such materials are achieving more widespread use for wound closure.

For example, monomer and polymer adhesives are used in both industrial(including household) and medical applications. Included among theseadhesives are the 1,1-disubstituted ethylene monomers and polymers, suchas the α-cyanoacrylates. Since the discovery of the adhesive propertiesof such monomers and polymers, they have found wide use due to the speedwith which they cure, the strength of the resulting bond formed, andtheir relative ease of use. These characteristics have madeα-cyanoacrylate adhesives the primary choice for numerous applicationssuch as bonding plastics, rubbers, glass, metals, wood, and, morerecently, biological tissues.

It is known that monomeric forms of α-cyanoacrylates are extremelyreactive, polymerizing rapidly in the presence of even minute amounts ofan initiator, including moisture present in the air or on moist surfacessuch as animal tissue. Monomers of α-cyanoacrylates are anionicallypolymerizable or free radical polymerizable, or polymerizable byzwitterions or ion pairs to form polymers. Once polymerization has beeninitiated, the cure rate can be very rapid.

Medical applications of 1,1-disubstituted ethylene adhesive compositionsinclude use as an alternate or an adjunct to surgical sutures andstaples in wound closure as well as for covering and protecting surfacewounds such as lacerations, abrasions, burns, stomatitis, sores, andother surface wounds. When an adhesive is applied, it is usually appliedin its monomeric form, and the resultant polymerization gives rise tothe desired adhesive bond.

For example, polymerizable 1,1-disubstituted ethylene monomers, andadhesive compositions comprising such monomers, are disclosed in U.S.Pat. No. 5,328,687 to Leung et al. Suitable methods for applying suchcompositions to substrates, and particularly in medical applications,are described in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,582,834, 5,575,997, and5,624,669, all to Leung et al.

Combinations of the above approaches have also been used in the art. Forexample, attempts have been made to combine the use of sutures or stapesand adhesive compositions. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,254,132.Likewise, attempts have been made to combine the use of conventionalbandages or tapes and adhesive compositions. See, for example, U.S. Pat.Nos. 5,259,835 and 5,445,597. However, these approaches have typicallymet the same issues as described above for the individual approaches,namely difficulties arising from the use of the sutures, staples and/orbandages or tapes.

Accordingly, a need continues to exist for improved materials andmethods for wound approximation. A need also continues to exist forimproved materials and methods that have a wider range of applications,from external to internal use, and from essentially non-biodegradable(where the materials are removed from the application site) tobiodegradable (where the materials are not directly removed from theapplication site, but instead degrade over time).

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention addresses the above needs in the art, and others,by providing improved materials and methods for wound approximation.

In embodiments, the materials and methods of the present inventionprovide significant advantages over the current materials and methodsfor wound closure. The materials and methods of the present inventioncan fully replace the use of bandages, sutures, and/or staples on avariety of wounds and tissue surfaces, thereby providing not onlyimproved wound approximation, but also improved wound closure. Theseadvantages include, among others, improved wound closure, provision ofan improved durable microbial barrier, reduced procedure time, improvedcosmesis, less pain (during staple/suture removal) resulting inincreased patient satisfaction, and improved financial/economic outcomesby eliminating follow-up visits for staple/suture removal.

In an embodiment, the present invention provides a tissue bondingarticle, comprising:

a flexible or compliant material;

an adhesive substance applied over at least a portion of a bottom sideof said flexible or compliant material; and

a polymerizable adhesive composition permeated throughout said flexibleor compliant material.

In a modification of the above embodiment, the tissue bonding articlecan further include a polymerization initiator or rate modifier, abioactive material, or combinations thereof. Such additive can beincluded, for example, as part of the flexible or compliant material, ormixed with the polymerizable adhesive composition.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method ofbonding tissue, comprising:

placing a flexible or compliant substrate over a section of tissue;

applying a polymerizable adhesive composition over and substantiallycovering the flexible or compliant substrate; and

allowing the polymerizable adhesive composition to permeate into andunder the flexible or compliant substrate and polymerize to form acomposite structure bonded to said tissue.

As with the tissue bonding article described above, the method ofbonding tissue according to the present invention can also incorporate apolymerization initiator or rate modifier, a bioactive material, orcombinations thereof. Such additive can be included, for example, aspart of the flexible or compliant material, or mixed with thepolymerizable adhesive composition.

In other embodiments of the present invention, the flexible substratecan include one or more adhesive strips, which carry the adhesivesubstance and thereby adhere the flexible substrate to the desiredapplication site.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

These and other advantages and features of this invention will beapparent. from the following, especially when considered with theaccompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a first embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIGS. 2 a and 2 b are cross-sectional views of the embodiment of FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 is a schematic view of another embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIG. 4 is a schematic view of another embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIG. 5 is a schematic view of another embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIGS. 6 a-6 e illustrate a method of using a composite structureaccording to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 7 a is a perspective view of another embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIG. 7 b is a perspective view of a different embodiment of the presentinvention shown in FIG. 7 a.

FIG. 7 c is a perspective view of a further embodiment of the presentinvention shown in FIG. 7 b.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

An embodiment of the present invention is shown schematically in FIG. 1.In FIG. 1, a flexible substrate 1 is shown as including a flexiblematerial 10 coated on several portions with an adhesive substance 2.FIGS. 2 a and 2 b are cross-sectional views of the flexible substrate 1of FIG. 1, taken along lines 2 a-2 a and 2 b-2 b, respectively. FIGS. 1and 2 a-2 b show that, in embodiments, the adhesive substance does notcover an entire portion of the flexible substrate, but only portionsthereof.

In the embodiment of FIG. 1, the flexible or compliant material 10 canbe formed of any suitable flexible or compliant material, providing thatthe aims of the present invention are obtained. Preferably, the flexibleor compliant material 10 is a material that is flexible, porous, andnon-toxic. As used herein, the term “flexible” is used to refer to theflexible or compliant material 10. However, unless stated differently incontext, the term “flexible” is meant to cover a range of materials,which exhibit one or more properties such as being flexible, compliant,elastic, or memory retentive. For example, “flexible” is also meant torefer to materials that exhibits elastic or memory properties, i.e., theability for the material to return to its original shape when stressesapplied thereto are reduced or eliminated.

The flexible material is preferably flexible or compliant, to allow theflexible substrate to be placed on the desired surface (such as skin,organ, tissue, or the like) in a manner that allows the flexiblesubstrate to conform to the topology of the desired surface. Likewise,the flexible material is preferably porous, to allow the subsequentlyapplied polymerizable adhesive material to pass through or permeatethrough the flexible material and to polymerize as a layer beneath theflexible material, while adhering the flexible material to the desiredsubstrate. Such porosity will also preferably allow air and water topass through the flexible material. Depending upon the degree ofporosity (and/or the size of the openings in the mesh), such porosity ofthe flexible material or ability of air and water to permeate throughthe flexible material may be tailored to either remain after the finalcomposite material is formed, or to be absent therefrom. The flexiblematerial is also preferably non-toxic, as it is intended to be used as awound covering, such as on biological tissues. As such, the flexiblematerial should be biologically compatible with the desired substrate(such as tissue, skin, organ, or the like), and is preferably a materialthat is governmentally approved or generally regarded as safe for thedesired purpose.

In other embodiments, the flexible material may be selected to beelastic or have some memory effect. In such embodiments, the elasticproperties of the flexible material may desirably provide a degree ofpressure or stress at the application site, for example, to maintainwound edge approximation. Likewise, in embodiments where such additionaldegree of pressure or stress at the application site is not desired, theflexible material may be selected to have less or no elasticity.

In embodiments of the present invention, the flexible material can beeither biodegradable, or not biodegradable. By “biodegradable” in thisinvention is meant that the flexible substrate biodegrades over time invivo, such that it does not require physical removal of the compositestructure after a set period of time. Thus, for example, a biodegradableflexible material is one that, in the in vivo environment, willbiodegrade over a period of from about one week to about five years. Anon biodegradable material is one that does not biodegrade in an in vivoenvironment within about five years. Such a non biodegradable materialthus would require physical removal of the composite structure at adesired time, rather than slowly deteriorating over time. Likewise, insome embodiments, it is preferred that the combination of materialsforming the composite structure (i.e., the flexible material and thepolymerizable adhesive composition) together be biodegradable, while inother embodiments, it is preferred that the combination of materialsforming the composite structure (i.e., the flexible material and thepolymerizable adhesive composition) together be not biodegradable.Biodegradable and non-biodegradable polymerizable adhesive compositionsare known in the art and are described below. Alternatively, combinationof two or more biodegradable and/or non-biodegradable materials can beused, to provide tailored results in terms of properties such asbiodegradation and the like.

For biodegradable materials, a range of materials can be selected as theflexible material, preferably to provide a desired target biodegradationtime. Thus, for example, suitable materials can be selected to provideeither a short biodegradation period (such as between about one week andabout two months) or a longer biodegradation period (such as betweenabout two months and about five years). Suitable selection of theflexible material will thus allow tailoring of the flexible substrate tothe particular application. For example, in embodiments where theflexible substrate is used to form a composite structure on the surfaceof a patient's skin (such as in the conventional context of a bandage),it is desirable that the flexible substrate is not biodegradable.Rather, after a set period of time, the composite structure isphysically removed, either to permit completion of healing or to reapplya new composite structure. In other embodiments, however, it may bedesirable that the composite structure biodegrade over a set period oftime, for example when the composite structure is used internally wheresubsequent removal would otherwise require further trauma to the tissue.

In embodiments, it is preferred that the flexible material is a meshmaterial. Suitable mesh materials can be formed of either synthetic ornatural materials. Such mesh material can be formed of either woven ornon-woven fabrics or materials. The flexible material may be, forexample, any suitable polymeric film, plastic foam (including opencelled foam), a woven fabric, knitted fabric, a non-woven fabric,mixture thereof, or the like. In particular, suitable flexible materialsmay thus be prepared, for example, from nylon, a polyolefin film, suchas polyethylene, polypropylene, ethylene propylene copolymers, andethylene butylene copolymers, polyurethanes, polyurethane foams,polystyrenes, plasticized polyvinylchlorides, polyesters, polyamides,and cotton. Suitable specific examples include, for example, nylon,polyethylene, polypropylene, ethylene propylene copolymers, ethylenebutylene copolymers, polyurethane, polystyrene, plasticizedpolyvinylchloride, polyester, polyamide, cotton, polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE), biovascular material, collagen, Gore-Tex®, Dacron, etc.

In some embodiments, it is preferred that the mesh material not beformed of elastin, or elastin-based materials. Although elastin may besuitable for some uses, synthetic materials are preferred in embodimentsin view of their availability, ease of manufacture, physical propertiessuch as strength and durability, and biological compatibility. Thus, insuch embodiments, it is preferred that the mesh material issubstantially or completely free of elastin or elastin-based materials.Further, in such embodiments, it is preferred that the entire flexiblesubstrate (i.e., the combination of the flexible material and theadhesive substance) is substantially or completely free of elastin orelastin-based materials.

In other embodiments, it is preferred that the flexible material beformed of a synthetic, semi-synthetic, or natural organic material.Thus, for example, it is preferred that the flexible material be formedof a synthetic or natural polymer material, but not from a material suchas metal (such as silver, steel or the like) or glass or ceramic. Theflexible material is preferably flexible, as described above, yetresistant to tearing. In one embodiment, the thickness of the flexiblematerial of the present invention is from about 0.1 mil to about 50mils. In another embodiment, the thickness of the flexible material isfrom about 0.5 mil to about 20, preferably from about 0.7 mil to about10 mils, or from about 1 mil to about 5 mils.

The flexible material may be opaque or translucent. In some embodimentsof the present invention, the flexible material is provided to have askin color, such that the flexible material masks the appearance of theunderlying surface (such as a wound). However, in other embodiments, theflexible material can be provided with “designer” colors and/orpatterns, or even cartoon character designs. In other embodiments, theflexible material may be clear, thus not masking the underlying surface.

As shown in FIGS. 1-3, the flexible substrate 1 includes an adhesivesubstance 20 applied to portions of the flexible material 10.Preferably, as shown in FIG. 1, the adhesive substance 20 is applied tothe flexible material 10 on opposite ends of the flexible material 10.In this manner, the flexible substrate 1 can be applied over a wound orother desired substrate such that the portion of the flexible materialnot coated with the adhesive substance straddles the wound. (This use ofthe composite structure will be described in more detail below.)Accordingly, the adhesive substance is applied to the same side of theflexible material, and the exposed adhesive substance can be covered bya suitable release layer or liner (not shown) to preserve theadhesiveness of the flexible substrate until time of use.

Although not limited to any particular orientation, the adhesivesubstance can be applied either on a short or a long edge of theflexible material 10. Thus, for example, FIG. 1 shows the adhesivesubstance 20 applied on opposite short (substantially parallel) ends ofa rectangular flexible material 10. This embodiment roughly correspondsto a conventional bandage, where the adhesive portions are applied onopposite sides of a wound and the central (uncoated) portion of theflexible material covers the wound. Alternatively, FIG. 3 shows anembodiment where the adhesive substance 20 is applied on opposite long(substantially parallel) ends of a rectangular flexible material 10.This embodiment roughly corresponds to a tape design, where the edges ofthe tape are applied on opposite sides of a lengthwise wound and thecentral (uncoated) portion of the flexible material covers thelengthwise wound. Of course, the invention is not limited to suchembodiments, and other orientations of the invention will be readilyapparent to those skilled in the art based on the present disclosure.For example, FIG. 4 shows an embodiment where the adhesive substance 20is applied on all four ends or edges of a square flexible material 10,and FIG. 5 shows an embodiment where the flexible substrate is in a formof a roll of material 5, and the adhesive substance 20 is applied on thelong lengthwise edges of the flexible material 10.

Preferably, the adhesive substance is thus applied to the flexiblematerial so as to form distinct first, second and third regions across awidth or length dimension of the flexible material. In the first region,the flexible substrate is not covered with the adhesive substance. Thisregion is intended to be placed over an underlying wound or tissuetrauma, such that the wound is not contacted (or is substantially notcontacted) by the adhesive substance. The second and third regions,which adjoin the first region on opposing edges thereof, are the regionswhere the adhesive substance is applied. These second and third regionsare intended to be placed on opposite sides of an underlying wound ortissue trauma, to temporarily secure the flexible substrate to thedesired application site, such that the wound per se is not contacted(or is substantially not contacted) by the adhesive substance.

Although not specifically shown in the figures, a suitable backing orrelease material may also be used to cover the adhesive substancesapplied to the bottom side of the flexible material. Such backingmaterials are well known in the art for covering pressure sensitiveadhesives and can include, for example, paper, plastic, or the like.

When forming rectangular flexible substrates for use in the presentinvention, any suitable dimensions of the material can be provided. Forexample, in the conventional bandage configuration, where the adhesivesubstance is provided on the short parallel ends of the flexiblematerial, the flexible material can range in width from about ¼ inch toabout 2 or 3 inches or more, although preferred widths in embodimentsmay be from about ½ to about 1 or 1½ inches, and can range in lengthfrom about inch to about 4 or 5 inches or more, although preferredlengths in embodiments may be from about 1 to about 2 or 3 inches.Likewise, in the configuration of being a lengthwise bandage or rolledtape, where the adhesive substance is provided on the long parallel endsof the flexible material, the flexible material can range in width fromabout ½ inch to about 4 or 5 inches or more, although preferred widthsin embodiments may be from about 1 to about 2 or 3 inches, and can rangein length from about 1 inch to about 6 or 8 inches or more, althoughpreferred lengths in embodiments may be from about 2 to about 4 or 5inches. However, a particular advantage of this embodiment is that theflexible substrate may be used to form a composite structure over alonger wound, such as a long laceration on incision. As such,embodiments of the present invention can provide a flexible substratehaving length exceeding 8 or even 12 inches, such as ranging in lengthsup to 18 inches, 24 inches, 30 inches, or more. When provided in theconfiguration of a roll, the flexible substrate can have virtually anypractical length, such as 5, 6, 8, 10, or 12 feet or more, which can becut to desired length at the time of use. Of course, it will be apparentthat the materials of the present invention are not limited to anyparticular dimensions, and that the dimensions (length, width,thickness, etc.) of the flexible substrate can be varied and tailored,as desired.

As such, various sized flexible materials can be prepared and packagedfor use. For example, shorter length materials (for example, 15-inch)can be prepared and packaged for use in “short laceration” applications,while longer length materials (for example, 30-inch) can be prepared andpackaged for use in “long laceration” applications. In otherembodiments, a variety of length materials can be provided, with theintention that the materials are single use materials, where anyleftover length of the flexible material is discarded. Such single-useembodiments are particularly desirable where the flexible material issterilized, and sterility is desired to be maintained until the time ofuse. In other embodiments, such as where sterility is not a requirement,a longer length of flexible material can be provided where any unusedportion can be saved for later use.

Still other configurations for the flexible substrate 1 will be apparentto those skilled in the art. For example, although described above asbeing in rectangular or square configurations, the flexible substratecan take any number of other shapes, which can be designed forparticular applications. For example, circular or round flexiblematerials can be used, such as to cover blister bases, sores, or thelike; arc-shaped (curved rectangular shaped) flexible materials can beused, such as to cover curved lacerations or incisions; and the like.Other shapes, such as oval, triangular, polygonal, semi-circular, andthe like, can also be used, in embodiments.

Although shown in the figures as dotted areas, the adhesive substance,preferably with a release layer or backing when the material is not tobe immediately used, may be applied to the desired portions of theflexible material in either a continuous or discontinuous manner. Thus,for example, the adhesive substance can be applied as a solid layer overthe desired area, or in a set or random pattern. Preferably, theadhesive substance is applied to form a pattern on the flexiblematerial. The adhesive may be applied in any number of patterns,including, for example, in a sine wave using either a smooth pattern(rounded waves) or a sharp pattern (triangle shaped waves) closelypacked together. In a preferred embodiment, the adhesive forms acontinuous network so that the adhesive-free areas are notinterconnected. The adhesive substance is typically present in coatweight from about 10 to about 200, or from about 20 to 150 grams persquare meter (gsm). Of course, other coat weights of the adhesivesubstance can be used, as desired.

The adhesive substance used in the flexible substrate of the presentinvention may, for example, be any suitable adhesive substance.Preferably, the adhesive substance is a medical grade adhesive, such asacrylic based pressure sensitive adhesives (PSAs), rubber based pressuresensitive adhesives, silicone pressure sensitive adhesives, mixturesthereof, or the like. In embodiments, it is preferred that the adhesivesubstance be different from the polymerizable adhesive composition.Thus, for example, it is preferred that while the polymerizable adhesivecomposition can be, for example, a polymerizable monomeric adhesivecomposition, the adhesive substances is an adhesive material that is nota polymerizable adhesive composition, such as a pressure sensitiveadhesive.

Suitable rubber based PSAs include, but are not limited to, those taughtin U.S. Pat. No. 5,705,551 and in U.S. Pat. No. 4,080,348, thedisclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference. Examples ofpolymeric rubber bases include one or more of styrene-isoprene-styrenepolymers, styrene-olefin-styrene polymers includingstyrene-ethylene/propylene-styrene polymers, polyisobutylene,styrene-butadiene-styrene polymers, polyisoprene, polybutadiene, naturalrubber, silicone rubber, acrylonitrile rubber, nitrile rubber,polyurethane rubber, polyisobutylene rubber, butyl rubber, halobutylrubber including bromobutyl rubber, butadiene-acrylonitrile rubber,polychloroprene, and styrene-butadiene rubber.

A particularly useful rubber based adhesive is that which has athermoplastic elastomeric component and a resin component. Thethermoplastic elastomeric component contains about 55-85 parts of asimple A-B block copolymer wherein the A-blocks are derived from styrenehomologs and the B-blocks are derived from isoprene, and about 15-45parts of a linear or radical A-B-A block copolymer wherein the A-blocksare derived from styrene or styrene homologs and the B-blocks arederived from conjugated dienes or lower alkenes, the A-blocks in the A-Bblock copolymer constituting about 10-18 percent by weight of the A-Bcopolymer and the total A-B and A-B-A copolymers containing about 20percent or less styrene. The resin component consists of essentially oftackifier resins for the elastomeric component. In general anycompatible conventional tackifier resin or mixture of such resins may beused. These include hydrocarbon resins, rosin and rosin derivatives,polyterpenes and other tackifiers. The adhesive composition containsabout 20-300 parts of the resin component per one hundred parts byweight of the thermoplastic elastomeric component. One such rubber basedadhesive is commercially available from Ato Findley under the trade nameHM3210.

Useful acrylic based PSAs include, but are not limited to, those taughtin U.S. Pat. No. 5,947,917 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,164,444 (acrylicemulsion), U.S. Pat. No. 5,623,011 (tackified acrylic emulsion). It canalso be radiation curable mixture of monomers with initiators and otheringredients such as those taught in U.S. Pat. No. 5,232,958 (UV curedacrylic) and U.S. Pat. No. 5,232,958 (EB cured). The disclosures ofthese patents are hereby incorporated by reference.

It is contemplated that any acrylic based polymer capable of forming anadhesive layer with sufficient tack to adhere to the flexible material,the release liner or to a substrate, and with acceptable adhesion toskin, may function in the present invention. In certain embodiments, theacrylic polymers for the pressure-sensitive adhesive layers includethose formed from polymerization of at least one alkyl acrylate monomeror methacrylate, an unsaturated carboxylic acid and optionally a vinyllactam. Examples of suitable alkyl acrylate or methacrylate estersinclude, but are not limited to, butyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate,2-ethylhexyl acrylate, isooctyl acrylate, isononyl acrylate, isodecylacrylate, methyl acrylate, methylbutyl acrylate, 4-methyl-2-pentylacrylate, sec-butyl acrylate, ethyl methacrylate, isodecyl methacrylate,methyl methacrylate, and the like, and mixtures thereof. Examples ofsuitable ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids include, but are notlimited to, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, fumaric acid, itaconic acid,and the like, and mixtures thereof. A preferred ethylenicallyunsaturated carboxylic acid monomer is acrylic acid. Examples ofsuitable vinyl lactams include, but are not limited to, N-vinylcaprolactam, 1-vinyl-2-piperidone, 1-vinyl-5-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, vinylpyrrolidone, and the like, and mixtures thereof.

The adhesive substance may also include a tackifier. Tackifiers, aregenerally hydrocarbon resins, wood resins, rosins, rosin derivatives,and the like. It is contemplated that any tackifier known by those ofskill in the art to be compatible with elastomeric polymer compositionsmay be used with the present embodiment of the invention. One suchtackifier, found to be useful is Wingtak 10, a synthetic polyterpeneresin that is liquid at room temperature, and sold by the Goodyear Tireand Rubber Company of Akron, Ohio. Wingtak 95 is a synthetic tackifierresin also available from Goodyear that comprises predominantly apolymer derived from piperylene and isoprene. Other suitable tackifyingadditives may include Escorez 1310, an aliphatic hydrocarbon resin, andEscorez 2596, a C₅-C₈ (aromatic modified aliphatic) resin, bothmanufactured by Exxon of Irving, Tex. Of course, as can be appreciatedby those of skill in the art, a variety of different tackifyingadditives may be used to practice the present invention.

In addition to the tackifiers other additions may be included in theadhesive substances to impart desired properties. For example,plasticizers may be included and they are known to decrease the glasstransition temperature of an adhesive composition containing elastomericpolymers. Shellflex 371 plasticizer is an example of a useful naphthenicprocessing oil available from Shell Oil Company of Houston, Tex.Antioxidants also may be included on the adhesive substance. Alsoincluded as suitable are Irgafos 168 antioxidant and Irganox 565antioxidant available from Ciba-Geigy, Hawthorne, N.Y. Cutting agentssuch as waxes and surfactants also may be included in the adhesivesubstance. Other optional materials that may be added to the adhesivesubstance layer in minor amounts (typically less than about 25% byweight of the elastomeric phase) include pH controllers, medicaments,bactericides, growth factors, wound healing components such as collagen,antioxidants, deodorants, perfumes, antimicrobials and fungicides.

Useful silicone pressure sensitive adhesives include those commerciallyavailable from Dow Corning Corp., Medical Products and those availablefrom General Electric. Examples of silicone adhesives available from DowCorning include those sold under the trademarks BIO-PSA X7-3027, BIO-PSAX7-4919, BIO-PSA X7-2685, BIO-PSA X7-3122 and BIO-PSA X7-4502.Additional examples of silicone pressure sensitive adhesives useful inthe present invention are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,591,622,4,584,355, 4,585,836 and 4,655,767, the entire disclosures of which areincorporated herein by reference.

In another embodiment of the present invention, the flexible substratecan be coated on one side with an adhesive substance. In thisembodiment, the adhesive substance can be located on substantially anentire surface of the flexible substrate, rather than only on opposingedges of the flexible substrate as described above. When prepared inthis manner, the adhesive substance can be coated to cover the entiresurface in a continuous coating or layer. Alternatively, or preferablyin some embodiments, the coating is discontinuous to provide areas thatare not covered by the adhesive substance, such as by the adhesivesubstance being provided in a form of regular or random spots, lines, orthe like. Where the adhesive substance does not cover the entire surfaceof the flexible substrate to form a continuous layer, it is preferredthat the adhesive is coated on at least 25% but no more than 75% of thesurface area, and more preferably between about 40 and about 60% of thesurface area.

In this embodiment, the flexible substrate can be applied to the desiredsurface much in the same manner as a piece of tape, where substantiallythe entire surface of the flexible substrate adheres to the desiredsurface. The polymerizable adhesive composition can then be applied tothe exposed surface of the flexible substrate, in the manner asdescribed above. A benefit of this embodiment is that the entire appliedflexible substrate can be retained on the desired surface, withouttrimming off the adhered portions in the manner described above.

When the flexible substrate is provided according to this embodiment, itis preferred that the adhesive substance applied to the surface of theflexible substrate be a pressure sensitive adhesive, which preferablyexhibits a low degree of adhesiveness. The adhesive substance to beapplied can be, if desired, the same as the adhesive substance describedabove, which is applied to only portions of the flexible substrate. Or,the adhesive substance used in this embodiment can be a weaker ordifferent adhesive substance. That is, the purpose of the adhesivesubstance is only to maintain the flexible substrate in position on thedesired surface, and optionally provide a minimal adhesion force toapproximate or appose the wound surfaces, until the polymerizableadhesive composition is applied and allowed to set to fully adhere theflexible substrate to the desired surface. The adhesive substance isthus weak enough to allow the applied polymerizable adhesive material topenetrate through the flexible substrate and the applied adhesivesubstance, to form a polymerized bond between the flexible substrate(and applied adhesive substance) and the underlying desired substrate.

In this embodiment, any suitable adhesive substance can be used, asdesired. Preferably, the adhesive substance should be non-toxic, andcapable and/or approved for use on biological surfaces. Suitableadhesive substances thus include, for example, those adhesive substancescommonly used in production of conventional adhesive bandages.Furthermore, in this embodiment where the adhesive substances coverssubstantially an entire face of the flexible material, and thus remainsin the final composite structure, it is preferred that the polymerizableadhesive composition (described in more detail below) be able tointeract with and/or solubilize the adhesive substances. That is, it ispreferred that the polymerizable adhesive composition be able to inessence replace the adhesive substance as the primary means of attachingthe composite structure to the underlying substrate (application site,such as tissue or wound). This can occur, for example, either by thepolymerizable adhesive composition solubilizing the adhesive substance,or by the polymerizable adhesive composition being able to bond theflexible material to the underlying substrate through gaps or voidseither pre-existing or created in the adhesive substance layer.

Preferably, the adhesive substances is the only attachment means presenton the flexible substrate for attaching the flexible material to thedesired application or treatment site. Thus, for example, the flexiblesubstrate does not further include other physical attachment means suchas hooks, barbs, pins, projections, or the like, which operate tophysically latch or otherwise attach the flexible substrate to thedesired application or treatment site. Such attachment means are notdesired, for example, because they introduce additional trauma to theunderlying surface. Thus, it is preferred that the flexible substratenot include features that penetrate even surface layers of theunderlying substrate, such as dermal layers of the skin.

In addition to including the flexible material and an amount of adhesivesubstance, as described above, the flexible substrate can, if desired,include one or more chemical materials located within the flexiblematerial. For example, one or more chemical substances can be dispersedin the flexible material, such as being chemically bound, physicallybound, absorbed, or adsorbed to the flexible material. Thus, forexample, the flexible substrate can include a polymerization initiatoror rate modifier, or can include one or more bioactive materials. Asdesired, the one or more chemical substances can be either immobilizedon the flexible material, for example so that it has a desired effectbut is not detached from the flexible material during use, or it can beattached to the flexible material in a manner such that it becomesdetached during use.

For example, it may be desirable to immobilize a polymerizationinitiator or rate modifier on the flexible material, so that theinitiator or rate modifier provides the desired initiation or ratemodification effect to a subsequently applied polymerizable adhesivecomposition, but without the initiator or rate modifier becomingdetached from the flexible material and its residues dispersed in theresultant polymeric material. Alternatively, for example, a bioactivematerial may be initially attached to the flexible material, but only insuch a manner that it becomes mobilized or solubilized by a subsequentlyapplied polymerizable adhesive composition and dispersed in theresultant polymeric material. If desired, a combination of chemicalsubstances can also be provided on the flexible material, to providemultiple effects. For example, as described above, a first chemicalspecies (such as a polymerization initiator or rate modifier) can beimmobilized on the flexible material, while a second, different chemicalspecies (such as a bioactive material) can be detachably attached to theflexible material. Other combinations of chemical species and resultanteffects are also envisioned by the present invention.

When present in or on the flexible material, the chemical substances(i.e., polymerization initiator, rate modifier, and/or bioactivematerials, or other additives), can be incorporated in or on theflexible material in any suitable manner. For example, the chemicalsubstance can be added to the flexible material by contacting theflexible material with a solution, mixture, or the like including thechemical substances. Alternatively, the chemical substance can beincorporated into or onto the flexible material during manufacture ofthe flexible material, such as during molding or the like of theflexible material.

A method for using the flexible substrate and resultant compositestructure will now be described.

The materials of the present invention are advantageously used as wounddressings. For example, the materials of the present invention areadvantageously used as replacements for conventional bandages, or asreplacements for conventional use of sutures and staples for closingwounds. As compared to conventional bandages, the flexible substrate ofthe present invention generally provides the same wound approximationand pressure benefits. However, because the flexible substrate is usedto provide a composite structure by the addition of a polymerizableadhesive composition, the resultant composite structure providessignificant benefits over the conventional bandage in terms of improvedwound management, stronger adhesion to the underlying application site,microbial barrier properties, improved patient satisfaction, and thelike. Thus, for example, the materials of the present invention, bymeans of the applied adhesive substance on the bottom side of theflexible material, provide wound approximation prior to application of apolymerizable adhesive material to the upper surface of the flexiblematerial, which subsequently permeates through the flexible material asthe adhesive polymerizes, to form a flexible, adherent wound dressing.The portions of the flexible material previously coated with theadhesive substance can then, if desired, be trimmed away to provide aunitary composite structure over the wound. Furthermore, as compared toconventional sutures and staples, the composite structure of the presentinvention also generally provides the same wound approximation andpressure benefits. However, because the composite structure uses apolymerizable adhesive composition rather than punctures for adhesion tothe underlying application site, the resultant composite structureprovides significant benefits over the conventional sutures and staplesin terms of improved wound management, stronger adhesion to theunderlying application site, microbial barrier properties, improvedpatient satisfaction, less tissue trauma (since additional punctures arenot made), lessened scarring, and the like.

One method according to the present invention is shown successively inFIGS. 6 a-6 e. Although the method is shown using a flexible substratesuch as that shown in FIG. 3 or FIG. 5, the invention is not limited tothis embodiment. In FIGS. 6 a-6 e, a surface is shown having alengthwise wound. Thus, for example, the figures show a skin surface(arm or leg 30) having a jagged, lengthwise wound or laceration 40. Thewound is closed using the composite structure according to the presentinvention.

In a first step as shown in FIG. 6 a, the arm or leg 30 is shown havingan open wound 40. Preferably, the wound is first cleaned by removingexcess exudates (blood or the like) to provide as dry a wound aspossible to assist in wound closure.

In a second step as shown in FIG. 6 b, a length of flexible substrate isprovided. Preferably, the length of flexible substrate is longer thanthe wound to be closed, and extends beyond opposite ends of the wound asufficient distance to permit sufficient bonding. Thus, for example, thelength of flexible material is preferably sufficient to extend at least¼ inch, more preferably at least ½ inch or at least ¾ inch, and evenmore preferably at least one inch beyond each end of the wound.Furthermore, the flexible substrate is preferably wide enough to extendbeyond each lateral edge of the wound throughout the length of thewound. The width of the flexible substrate is preferably wide enoughthat the entire wound is covered, with excess coverage, by the portionof the flexible substrate that is not previously coated with an adhesivesubstance for temporary bonding to the desired surface. That is, theuncoated portions of the flexible substrate preferably cover the fillwidth of the wound, and extend beyond opposite lateral edges of thewound a sufficient distance to permit sufficient bonding. Thus, forexample, the width of flexible substrate is preferably sufficient toextend at least ¼ inch, more preferably at least ½ inch or at least ¾inch, and even more preferably at least one inch beyond each lateraledge of the wound.

In the second step, the previously applied adhesive substance on oneedge of the flexible substrate is exposed. For example, the adhesivesubstance can be exposed either by applying the adhesive substance tothe edge of the flexible substrate (or to the area of applicationadjacent the wound), or by removing a release layer covering theadhesive substance on the flexible substrate. The flexible substrate 1is then applied to the arm or leg 30 at an area adjacent the wound 40,by applying the exposed adhesive substance to the arm or leg surface. Ifnecessary, pressure can be applied to the flexible substrate 1 to helpadhere the flexible substrate to the arm or leg 30.

In a third step as shown by FIG. 6 c, the opposite end of the flexiblesubstrate is applied to the wound. Preferably, slight to moderatepressure is applied to opposite edges of the wound (such as by forceps,fingers, clamps, or the like) to approximate or appose the wound edges.Preferably, such approximation is conducted in a medically acceptedmanner, such as to as precisely as possible position the wound edges tohelp reduce subsequent scarring. With the wound edges approximated, thepreviously applied adhesive substance on the second edge of the flexiblesubstrate is exposed. The remaining edge of the flexible substrate 1 isthen applied to the arm or leg 30 at an area adjacent the wound 40, butopposite the wound 40 from the previously applied first edge of theflexible substrate 1, by applying the exposed adhesive substance to thearm or leg surface. If necessary, pressure can be applied to theflexible substrate 1 to help adhere the flexible substrate to the arm orleg 30.

In a fourth step as shown by FIG. 6 d, a polymerizable adhesivecomposition, such as a polymerizable monomeric adhesive composition 50,is applied over at least a portion of the surface of the flexiblesubstrate 1. Preferably, the polymerizable adhesive composition 50 isapplied to fully cover the surface of the flexible substrate 1. However,if desired, a lesser amount of the polymerizable adhesive compositioncan be used to conserve materials and assist in subsequent steps. Inthis instance, the polymerizable adhesive composition is preferablyapplied to the flexible substrate 1 at least in an area sufficient tocover the portion of the flexible substrate that will remain on thesurface following completion of the application process. Thus, forexample, where portions of the flexible substrate are to be removed asdescribed in the following step 5, the polymerizable adhesivecomposition is applied to the flexible substrate to fully cover thenon-removed portions. Alternatively, the polymerizable adhesivecomposition can be applied to only portions of the flexible substrate,such as only to portions overlying an underlying wound, or to portionsoverlying part, but not all, of the underlying wound.

In this step of applying the polymerizable adhesive composition, asufficient amount of polymerizable adhesive composition should beapplied to form the desired composite structure once the polymerizableadhesive composition has polymerized (or cured). Thus, for example, theamount of polymerizable adhesive composition should be sufficient topreferably allow the composition to penetrate through the flexiblematerial to form a continuous coating between the arm or leg 30 andwound 40, and the flexible material of the flexible substrate 1, whichcontinuous coating subsequently polymerizes or cures to form acontinuous polymeric coating between the flexible substrate and theunderlying surface. The quantity of polymerizable adhesive compositionshould preferably further allow for a quantity of the composition toremain in, and preferably over, the flexible substrate. This furtheramount of polymerizable adhesive composition polymerizes or cures withthe remaining polymerizable adhesive composition to provide a unitarycomposite structure that is bonded to the underlying surface, such asthe underlying surface of the arm or leg 30 and wound 40.

If necessary or desired, the step of applying polymerizable adhesivecomposition to the flexible substrate can be repeated one or more times.Thus, for example, a second or subsequent coating of the polymerizableadhesive composition can be applied, either prior or subsequent tocomplete curing of the underlying layer of polymerizable adhesivecomposition. Preferably, where multiple layers are to be applied, it ispreferred that subsequent layers be applied after curing of theunderlying layer has begin, but before curing is complete.

When applying the polymerizable adhesive composition to the flexiblesubstrate, the polymerizable adhesive composition is preferably appliedover an entire surface of the flexible substrate. That is, while theflexible substrate may provide some wicking, flowing, or capillarymovement of the polymerizable adhesive composition within the bulkmaterial of the flexible substrate, such wicking or capillary movementis minimal, and is not intended to provide complete coverage of thepolymerizable adhesive composition over the flexible substrate. Thus,for example, it will generally not be possible to apply one or two dropsof the polymerizable adhesive composition to the flexible substrate, andexpect the polymerizable adhesive composition to completely cover theflexible substrate (unless, of course, the flexible substrate is such asmall size that the drops substantially cover the surface). Rather, inembodiments of the present invention, the polymerizable adhesivecomposition is applied by dabbing, brushing, rolling, painting, swabbingor the like, the polymerizable adhesive composition onto the flexiblesubstrate. If necessary, the applied polymerizable adhesive compositioncan be spread around on the surface of the flexible substrate to provideimproved coverage.

In a fifth step as shown in FIG. 6 e, portions of the thus-formedcomposite structure are trimmed off, to provide a final compositestructure covering the underlying wound. In this embodiment, theportions of the composite structure 1 corresponding to the portions ofthe flexible substrate 10 coated with the adhesive substance 20, aretrimmed off. Such trimming may be preferred and/or required, forexample, because the adhesive properties of the adhesive substancediffer from the adhesive properties provided by the polymerizableadhesive composition. Where the adhesive substance 20 provides lessadhesion than the polymerizable adhesive composition 50, it is likelythat the portions adhered only by the adhesive substance 20 willprematurely separate from the underlying tissue. To prevent suchpremature separation, and resulting problems of lessened appearance andthe like, these portions can be trimmed off after the polymerizableadhesive composition has cured.

Where the portions are to be trimmed off, such trimming can be conductedby any desired and suitable means. For example, the portions can bepeeled back from the underlying surface, and trimmed using scissors, aknife, a scalpel, or the like. Alternatively, the flexible material usedin forming the flexible substrate can be provided with one or moreperforations or tear lines, to assist in the subsequent trimmingoperation.

To assist in the subsequent trimming operation, it is preferred that theadhesive substance applied to the underside of the flexible material beprovided in such a manner that the polymerizable adhesive compositionapplied to the topside of the flexible substrate does not penetrate intoor under the adhesive substance. That is, it is preferred that therelatively weaker adhesiveness provided by the adhesive substance, isnot strengthened by interaction with the relatively strongerpolymerizable adhesive composition. Preventing such interaction willassist in being able to peel back the flexible substrate in the areas ofthe adhesive substance to permit trimming of those portions. Thisinteraction between the adhesive materials can be prevented, forexample, by using adhesive materials that are not soluble in each other,by providing a substantially continuous coating of the adhesivesubstance on the desired portions of the flexible material, or the like.However, even if some interaction between the adhesive substance and thepolymerizable adhesive composition does occur, the adhesive bondprovided by the resultant combined adhesive may still be weak enough topermit trimming of the desired portions of the flexible substrate.Alternatively, if a bond is provided that is too strong to permitconvenient trimming, then the portions of the flexible substrate havingthe adhesive substance can be retained on the application site, as thebond will tend not to prematurely separate and thus trimming of theportions may not be necessary.

A modification of the above-described process involves “rolling” or“taping” the flexible substrate onto the desired application site. Inthis embodiment, the flexible material is applied to the applicationsite starting at one lengthwise end of the site, and straddling thewidth direction of the site, and progresses along the application siteto the opposite lengthwise end of the site. This application isparticularly useful, for example, when the application site is long andthe flexible material is, for example, a length or roll of flexiblematerial.

In a first step, the application site (e.g., arm or leg 30 having anopen wound 40), is preferably first cleaned by removing excess exudates(blood or the like) to provide as dry a wound as possible to assist inwound closure.

In a second step, a length of flexible substrate is provided.Preferably, the length of flexible substrate is longer than the wound tobe closed, and extends beyond opposite ends of the wound a sufficientdistance to permit sufficient bonding. Thus, for example, the length offlexible material is preferably sufficient to extend at least ¼ inch,more preferably at least 72 inch or at least ¾ inch, and even morepreferably at least one inch beyond each end of the wound. Furthermore,the flexible substrate is preferably wide enough to extend beyond eachlateral edge of the wound throughout the length of the wound. The widthof the flexible substrate is preferably wide enough that the entirewound is covered, with excess coverage, by the portion of the flexiblesubstrate that is not previously coated with an adhesive substance fortemporary bonding to the desired surface. That is, the uncoated portionsof the flexible substrate preferably cover the full width of the wound,and extend beyond opposite lateral edges of the wound a sufficientdistance to permit sufficient bonding. Thus, for example, the width offlexible substrate is preferably sufficient to extend at least ¼ inch,more preferably at least ½ inch or at least ¾ inch, and even morepreferably at least one inch beyond each lateral edge of the wound.

In the second step, the previously applied adhesive substances on theedges of one lengthwise end of the flexible substrate are exposed. Forexample, the adhesive substances can be exposed either by applying theadhesive substance to the edges of the flexible substrate (or to theareas of application adjacent the wound), or by removing release layerscoving the adhesive substance on the flexible substrate. The flexiblesubstrate is then applied to the application site at areas adjacent thewound, by applying one of the exposed adhesive substances to the arm orleg surface on one side of the wound and the other of the exposedadhesive substances to the arm or leg surface on opposite lateral sideof the wound. If necessary, pressure can be applied to the flexiblesubstrate to help adhere the flexible substrate to the application site.

In this second step, prior to applying the second edge or secondadhesive substance, however, the wound edges are preferablyapproximated. Thus, for example, one hand can be used to approximate thewound edges, as the other hand is used to apply the flexible material.For example, slight to moderate pressure can be applied to oppositeedges of the wound (such as by forceps, fingers, clamps, or the like) toapproximate or appose the wound edges. As above, such approximation ispreferably conducted in a medically accepted manner, such as to asprecisely as possible position the wound edges to help reduce subsequentscarring.

In a third step, application of the flexible substrate continues alongthe length of the application site. For example, application cancontinue by “rolling” or “taping” the flexible material onto theapplication site, progressing from one lengthwise end of the site to theother lengthwise end. Preferably, or if necessary, lateral edges of thewound at the application site can be approximated in the mannerdescribed above as the flexible material is applied in the lengthwisedirection.

In a fourth step, a polymerizable adhesive composition, such as apolymerizable monomeric adhesive composition, is applied over thesurface of the flexible substrate. The polymerizable adhesivecomposition can be applied in the same manner as described above, andthus the details are not repeated here.

In a fifth step, portions of the thus-formed composite structure can betrimmed off, if desired, to provide a final composite structure coveringthe underlying wound. The trimming likewise can be conducted in the samemanner as described above, and thus the details are not repeated here.

A particular advantage of this application method, as compared to thefirst application method described above, is that the method isparticularly well suited for longer wounds or longer application sites.Once a first end of the flexible substrate is applied to the wound, theremaining length of the flexible substrate is applied by rolling ortaping the flexible substrate in place, with gradual approximation ofwound edges as necessary. Where wounds or application sites are long,this method is well suited for use by a single individual, as assistancein applying the flexible substrate may not be required.

Of course, although two application methods are described above, othermethods will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art. Theapplication methods are In no way limited to the methods describedabove.

A still further embodiment of the present invention is shown in FIGS. 7a and 7 b. In this embodiment, the flexible substrate 1 includes aflexible material 10, as described above. However, instead of applyingthe adhesive substance 20 directly to the bottom side of the flexiblematerial 10, the adhesive substance 20 is applied to bottom sides of oneor more adhesive strips, such as pressure sensitive adhesive strips 25.The adhesive strips 25 can then be suitably located either on the bottom(application site contacting) side of the flexible material 10 (as shownin FIG. 7 a), or on the top (exposed) side of the flexible material 10(as shown in FIG. 7 b).

In these embodiments, the adhesive substance 20 applied to the adhesivestrips 25 can extend across the entire length of the adhesive strip,such as shown in FIG. 7 b, or only across one or more portions of theadhesive strip, such as shown in FIG. 7 a. Applying the adhesivesubstance 20 across the entire length of the adhesive strip 25 isuseful, for example, when the adhesive strip is being applied to the top(exposed) side of the flexible material 10. In this embodiment, theadhesive substance serves two purposes—adhering the adhesive strip tothe flexible material, and adhering the flexible substrate (compositeflexible material and adhesive substance) to the application site priorto application of the polymerizable adhesive composition. Alternatively,the adhesive substance can be provided on only one or more portions ofthe adhesive strip, for example, where it is desired to provide as muchsurface area as possible for application and setting of thepolymerizable adhesive composition. It will be understood that where theadhesive strips 25 are provided on the bottom side of the flexiblematerial 10, the adhesive substance can be provided on both sides of theadhesive strip, so that one side can be adhered to the flexible materialwhile the other side provides adhesion to the application site.

An alternative to this embodiment is shown in FIG. 7 c. FIG. 7 crepresents a modification of the embodiment of FIG. 7 b, but where theadhesive strips 25 do not extend completely across the flexible material10. In this embodiment, the adhesive strips are attached to sides of theflexible material 10, but do not traverse the flexible material 10. Asdescribed above, the adhesive strips could be located either on the topor bottom sides of the flexible material 10, as desired.

When these latter embodiments of the flexible substrate are used, the 4flexible substrate can be applied substantially by the methods describedabove. That is, the flexible substrate can be applied by exposing theadhesive substance and applying the flexible substrate to theapplication site. Once the polymerizable adhesive composition is appliedand set, the adhesive strips can be trimmed off or retained, as desired.Other modification of these embodiments will also be apparent to thoseskilled in the art.

As described above, one or more chemical substances may be applied tothe flexible substrate, which can subsequently chemically or physicallyinteract with an applied polymerizable adhesive composition. Suchchemical substances can include, for example, one or more polymerizationinitiators or rate modifiers, one or more bioactive materials, andcombinations thereof.

Suitable polymerization and/or cross-linking initiators and ratemodifiers, and methods for applying them to substrates, are describedin, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,928,611, 6,352,704, 6,455,064,6,579,469 and 6,595,940 and U.S. patent application Ser. Nos.09/430,177, filed Oct. 29, 1999, 09/430,289 09/430,180 filed Oct. 29,1999; 09/385,030 filed Aug. 30, 1999; and 09/176,889 filed Oct. 22,1998, the entire disclosures of which are incorporated herein byreference. Preferred initiators for some medical uses includebenzalkonium chloride, and for some industrial uses include dimethyltoluidine.

Particular initiators and rate modifiers for particular monomers may bereadily selected by one of skill in the art without undueexperimentation. Control of the molecular weight distribution of theapplied adhesive can be enhanced by selection of the concentration andfunctionality of the initiator or rate modifier vis-a-vis the selectedmonomer. Suitable polymerization initiators and rate modifiers forcyanoacrylate compositions include, but are not limited to, detergentcompositions; surfactants, including nonionic surfactants such aspolysorbate 20 product (e.g., Tween 20™ product; ICI Americas),polysorbate 80 product (e.g., Tween 80™ product; ICI Americas), andpoloxamers; cationic surfactants such as tetrabutylammonium bromide;anionic surfactants, including quaternary ammonium halides such asbenzalkonium chloride or its pure components, and benzethonium chloride;stannous octoate (tin(II) 2-ethylhexanoate), and sodium tetradecylsulfate; and amphoteric or zwitterionic surfactants such asdodecyldimethyl(3-sulfopropyl) ammonium hydroxide, inner salt; amines,imines, and amides, such as imidazole, tryptamine, urea, arginine andpovidine; phosphines, phosphites and phosphonium salts, such astriphenylphosphine and triethyl phosphite; alcohols such as ethyleneglycol; methyl gallate; ascorbic acid; tannins and tannic acid;inorganic bases and salts, such as sodium bisulfite, magnesiumhydroxide, calcium sulfate and sodium silicate; sulfur compounds such asthiourea and polysulfides; polymeric cyclic ethers such as monensin,nonactin, crown ethers, calixarenes and polymeric epoxides; cyclic andacyclic carbonates, such as diethyl carbonate; phase transfer catalystssuch as Aliquat™ 336 (General Mills, Inc., Minneapolis, Minn.);organometallics; manganese acetylacetonate; radical initiators andradicals, such as di-t-butyl peroxide and azobisisobutyronitrile; andbioactive compounds or agents.

In preferred embodiments, the initiator may be a bioactive material,including quaternary ammonium halides such asalkylbenzyldimethylammonium chloride (benzalkonium chloride; BAC) itspure components, or mixtures thereof, especially those with an alkylcontaining 6-18 carbon atoms; benzethonium chloride; and salts ofsulfadiazine. Cobalt napthenate can be used as an accelerator forperoxide.

In preferred embodiments, the initiator may be a bioactive material thatpossesses antiviral, antimicrobial, antifungal and/or wound healingproperties. An example of such a material that possesses polymerizationinitiation and antiviral, antimicrobial, and/or antifungal properties isGentian Violet, also known as crystal violet or methylrosanilinechloride. Examples of materials that possess polymerization initiationand wound healing properties also include various zinc complexes andzinc salts, antioxidants such as vitamin E and other vitamins and thelike, and copper compounds such as copper chloride, copper sulfate andcopper peptides. Such materials are particularly preferred because theycan serve not only as the polymerization initiator or rate modifier forthe cyanoacrylate monomer, they can also provide additional benefits tothe wound site, such as antiviral effects, antimicrobial effects and/orantifungal effects or help to promote wound healing.

When zinc compounds are present, the zinc compound can be present invarious forms, such as zinc salts. For example, suitable zinc compoundsinclude, but are not limited to, zinc salts of cyanoacrylic acid, zincsalts of cyanoacetic acid, zinc salts of dicyanoglutaric acid, zincsalts of rosin, zinc oxide, zinc salts of polycyanoacrylic acid, zincsalts of polyacrylic acid, zinc bacitracin, zinc salicylate, zincstearate, zinc citrate, zinc lactate, mixtures thereof, and the like.Preferably, the zinc compounds are of Zn²⁺. Incorporation of such zinccompounds into the applied cyanoacrylate composition, either prior to orconcurrent with application and/or initiation, is particularly effectivein promoting wound healing of leg ulcers, thermal burns, and the like.

The polymerizable and/or cross-linkable material may also contain aninitiator and/or a rate modifier which is inactive until activated by acatalyst or accelerator (included within the scope of the term“initiator” as used herein). Initiators activated by stimulation such asheat and/or light (e.g., ultraviolet or visible light) are also suitableif the flexible substrate is appropriately subjected to suchstimulation. In addition to the polymerization and/or cross-linkinginitiator and/or rate modifier, the flexible substrate can also includevarious other materials that may or may not act as a polymerizationinitiator and/or rate modifier. For example, the flexible substrate caninclude a bioactive material, which may or may not also be apolymerization and/or cross-linking initiator and/or rate modifier.Examples of suitable bioactive materials include, but are not limitedto, medicaments such as antibiotics, antimicrobials, antiseptics,bacteriocins, bacteriostats, disinfectants, steroids, anesthetics,antifungal agents, anti-inflammatory agents, antibacterial agents,antiviral agents, antitumor agents, growth promoting substances,antioxidants, or mixtures thereof. Thus, in embodiments, the initiatorand/or the rate modifier can be, but does not have to be, bioactive. Inembodiments where the initiator and/or the rate modifier is bioactive,the method of the invention can be used to close, cover, or protecttissue and wounds while simultaneously providing a bioactive material tothe tissue or wound.

Suitable bioactive materials include, but are not limited to,medicaments such as antibiotics, antimicrobials, antiseptics,bacteriocins, bacteriostats, disinfectants, steroids, anesthetics,antifungal agents, anti-inflammatory agents, antibacterial agents,antiviral agents, antitumor agents, growth promoting substances,antioxidants, or mixtures thereof. Such compounds include, but are notlimited to, acetic acid, aluminum acetate, bacitracin, bacitracin zinc,benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride, betadine, calciumchloroplatinate, certrimide, cloramine T, chlorhexidine phosphanilate,chlorhexidine, ehlorhexidine sulfate, chloropenidine, chloroplatinaticacid, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, clioquinol, cysostaphin, gentamicinsulfate, hydrogen peroxide, iodinated polyvinylidone, iodine, iodophor,minoycline, mupirocin, neomycin, neomycin sulfate, nitrofurazone,non-onynol 9, potassium permanganate, penicillin, polymycin, polymycinB, polymyxin, polymyxin B sulfate, polyvinylpyrrolidone iodine, povidoneiodine, 8-hydroxyquinoline, quinolone thioureas, rifampin, rifamycin,copper chloride, copper sulfate, copper peptides, silver acetate, silverbenzoate, silver carbonate, silver chloride, silver citrate, silveriodide, silver nitrate, silver oxide, silver sulfate, sodiumchloroplatinate, sodium hypochlorite, sphingolipids, tetracycline, zincoxide, salts of sulfadiazine (such as silver, sodium, and zinc),antioxidants such as vitamins such as vitamin E, other agents mentionedabove, and mixtures thereof. Preferable bioactive materials are USPapproved, more preferably USP mono graphed.

The polymerization and/or cross-linking initiator and/or rate modifier,and/or the bioactive material, may be applied to the flexible substrateby any suitable means, including, but not limited to, spraying, dipping,injecting, or brushing the flexible substrate with a liquid mediumcontaining the material to be applied.

As mentioned above, the composite structure is formed by applying apolymerizable adhesive composition to the flexible substrate, andallowing the polymerizable adhesive composition to polymerize.

The polymerizable (i.e., monomer and/or prepolymeric) adhesivecomposition may include one or more polymerizable monomers, whichpreferably are synthetic or semi-synthetic monomers. Preferred monomersthat may be used in this invention are readily polymerizable, e.g.anionically polymerizable or free radical polymerizable, orpolymerizable by zwitterions or ion pairs to form polymers. Suchmonomers include those that form polymers, that may, but do not need to,biodegrade. Such monomers are disclosed in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos.5,328,687, 5,928,611 and 6,183,593, U.S. patent application Ser. No.09/430,177, filed on Oct. 29, 1999, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,183,593, whichare hereby incorporated in their entirety by reference herein.

Preferred monomers include 1,1-disubstituted ethylene monomers, such asα-cyanoacrylates including, but not limited to, alkyl α-cyanoacrylateshaving an alkyl chain length of from about 1 to about 20 carbon atoms ormore, preferably from about 3 to about 8 carbon atoms.

The α-cyanoacrylates of the present invention can be prepared accordingto several methods known in the art. U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,721,858,3,254,111, 3,995,641, and 4,364,876, each of which is herebyincorporated in its entirety by reference herein, disclose methods forpreparing α-cyanoacrylates.

Preferred α-cyanoacrylate monomers used in this invention include methylcyanoacrylate, ethyl cyanoacrylate, n-butyl cyanoacrylate, 2-octylcyanoacrylate, methoxyethyl cyanoacrylate, ethoxyethyl cyanoacrylate,dodecyl cyanoacrylate, 2-ethylhexyl cyanoacrylate, butyl cyanoacrylate,3-methoxybutyl cyanoacrylate, 2-butoxyethyl cyanoacrylate,2-isopropoxyethyl cyanoacrylate, 1-methoxy-2-propyl cyanoacrylate, hexylcyanoacrylate, or dodecylcyanoacrylate.

Other suitable cyanoacrylates for use in the present invention alsoinclude, but are not limited to, alkyl ester cyanoacrylate monomers suchas those having the formula

wherein R₁ and R₂ are, independently H, a straight, branched or cyclicalkyl, or are combined together in a cyclic alkyl group, and R₃ is astraight, branched or cyclic alkyl group. Preferably, R₁ is H or a C₁,C₂ or C₃ alkyl group, such as methyl or ethyl; R₂ is H or a C₁, C₂ or C₃alkyl group, such as methyl or ethyl; and R₃ is a C₁-C₃₆ alkyl group,more preferably a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl,butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, ocrty, nonyl or decyl, and even morepreferably a C₂, C₃ or C₄ alkyl group. Such alkyl ester cyanoacrylatesand other suitable monomers are disclosed in, for example, U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 09/919,877, filed Aug. 2, 2001, and U.S. Pat. No.6,620,846, the entire disclosures of which are incorporated herein byreference.

Examples of preferred alkyl ester cyanoacrylates include, but are notlimited to, butyl lactoyl cyanoacrylate (BLCA), butyl glycoloylcyanoacrylate (BGCA), ethyl lactoyl cyanoacrylate (ELCA), and ethylglycoloyl cyanoacrylate (EGCA). BLCA may be represented by the aboveformula, wherein R₁ is H, R₂ is methyl and R₃ is butyl. BGCA may berepresented by the above formula, wherein R₁ is H, R₂ is H and R₃ isbutyl. ELCA may be represented by the above formula, wherein R₁ is H, R₂is methyl and R₃ is ethyl. EGCA may be represented by the above formula,wherein R₁ is H, R₂ is H and R₃ is ethyl.

The composition may optionally also include at least one otherplasticizing agent that assists in imparting flexibility to the polymerformed from the monomer. The plasticizing agent preferably containslittle or no moisture and should not significantly affect the stabilityor polymerization of the monomer Examples of suitable plasticizersinclude but are not limited to tributyl citrate, acetyl tri-n-butylcitrate (ATBC), polymethylmethacrylate, polydimethylsiloxane,hexadimethylsilazane and others as listed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,183,593,the disclosure of which is incorporated in its entirety by referenceherein.

In embodiments, the composition may also include one or morepolymerization initiators or rate modifiers. Although the polymerizationinitiator or rate modifier is described above as being incorporated intoor onto the flexible material, it is also possible for thepolymerization initiator or rate modifier to be incorporated directlyinto the polymerizable adhesive composition. In such embodiments, thepolymerization initiator or rate modifier is mixed with thepolymerizable adhesive composition preferably immediately prior to orconcurrent with application of the polymerizable adhesive composition tothe flexible substrate. For example, the polymerization initiator orrate modifier and polymerizable adhesive composition can be mixed priorto application by suitable mixing devices in an applicator itself or ina separate container, or they can be mixed concurrent with applicationby mixing as the polymerizable adhesive material is expressed form anapplicator. Any suitable polymerization initiators or rate modifiers,including those described above, can be used in these embodiments.

The composition may also optionally include at least one thixotropicagent. Suitable thixotropic agents are known to the skilled artisan andinclude, but are not limited to, silica gels such as those treated witha silyl isocyanate, and optionally surface treated titanium dioxide.Examples of suitable thixotropic agents and thickeners are disclosed in,for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,720,513, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,310,166, thedisclosures of which are hereby incorporated in their entireties byreference herein.

The composition may optionally also include thickeners. Suitablethickeners may include poly (2-ethylhexy methacrylate),poly(2-ethylhexyl acrylate) and others as listed in U.S. Pat. No.6,183,593, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference hereinin its entirety.

The composition may also optionally include at least one natural orsynthetic rubber to impart impact resistance. Suitable rubbers are knownto the skilled artisan. Such rubbers include, but are not limited to,dienes, styrenes, acrylonitriles, and mixtures thereof. Examples ofsuitable rubbers are disclosed in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,313,865and 4,560,723, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated in theirentireties by reference herein.

The composition may optionally also include one or more stabilizers,preferably both at least one anionic vapor phase stabilizer and at leastone anionic liquid phase stabilizer. These stabilizing agents mayinhibit premature polymerization. Suitable stabilizers may include thoselisted in U.S. Pat. No. 6,183,593, the disclosure of which isincorporated by reference herein in its entirety. Furthermore, certainstabilizers may also function as anti-microbial agents, such as, forexample, various acidic anti-microbials, as identified above.

The compositions may also include pH modifiers to control the rate ofdegradation of the resulting polymer, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No.6,143,352, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated byreference herein in its entirety.

To improve the cohesive strength of adhesives formed from thecompositions of this invention, difunctional monomeric cross-linkingagents may be added to the monomer compositions of this invention. Suchcrosslinking agents are known. U.S. Pat. No. 3,940,362 to Overhults,which is hereby incorporated herein in its entirety by reference,discloses exemplary cross-linking agents.

The compositions of this invention may further contain fibrousreinforcement and colorants such as dyes, pigments, and pigment dyes.Examples of suitable fibrous reinforcement include PGA microfibrils,collagen microfibrils, and others as described in U.S. Pat. No.6,183,593, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference hereinin its entirety.

The polymerizable compositions useful in the present invention may alsofurther contain one or more preservatives, for prolonging the storagelife of the composition. Suitable preservatives, and methods forselecting them and incorporating them into adhesive compositions, aredisclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/430,180, the entiredisclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Suchpreservatives can be in addition to any anti-microbial agent that may ormay not be added to the composition. Such preservatives can be includedirrespective of whether the composition and containers are sterilized.

In embodiments, the materials and processes of the present inventionprovide significant advantages over the current materials and methodsfor wound closure. These advantages include, among others, improvedwound closure, provision of an improved durable microbial barrier,reduced procedure time, improved cosmesis, less pain (duringstaple/suture removal) resulting in increased patient satisfaction, andimproved financial/economic outcomes by eliminating follow-up visits forstaple/suture removal.

The materials and processes of the present invention provide improvedwound closure. Because the composite structure provides a flexiblepolymeric covering over the wound site, it provides a degree of tensionto assist in closing the wound and maintain the wound closed. By acombination of the flexible material within the composite structure, andthe rigidity and adhesion provided by polymerization of thepolymerizable adhesive composition, the composite structure providesimproved strength, decreases wound dehiscence, and assists healing.

The materials and processes of the present invention also provide animproved microbial barrier. Because the composite structure fully coversthe wound, microbial transport into and out of the wound are decreased.This in turn helps battle or prevent infection, in turn resulting infaster wound healing.

The materials and processes of the present invention also provideimproved cosmesis. Such cosmesis benefits includes improved cosmeticappearances both during and after the wound healing process. Forexample, during wound healing, the composite structures of the presentinvention provide decreased dressing bulk and thickness and improvedappearance. Furthermore, because the composite structures permit moreprecise and sustained wound approximation, the composite structures canprovide decreased scar appearance, such as in terms of scar width, scartissue height, scar coloration, and the like.

Related to the above advantages, the materials and processes of thepresent invention provide increased patient satisfaction. Increasedsatisfaction is provided, for example, due to the improved “feel” of thewound dressing, the improved cosmetic results, and improved assurance ofwound closure and dressing strength, and the like. In addition, becauseof the strong bond provided, the composite structure of the presentinvention is expected to remain in place over an external wound forabout 10 to 14 days, although shorter or longer times may be provided.During that time, the patient can bathe without worrying about water andcontaminants entering the wound through the dressing. Furthermore,because staple or suture removal is not required, the patientexperiences less pain and anticipation, improving the healingexperience.

The present invention is thus applicable to a wide range of treatments,including wound treatment and other medical procedures. For example, thepresent invention can be used as a replacement for, or in addition to,sutures or staples to join together two surfaces. The invention can alsobe used to coat, protect, or otherwise cover surface, superficial,internal, or topical wounds including, but not limited to, minor cuts,scrapes, irritations, compromised skin, superficial lacerations,abrasions, burns, sores, and stomatitis. The methods of the inventioncan also be used on tissues that do not show any signs of tissue damage.For example, the methods can be used to deliver medicaments to a patientthrough healthy tissue. They can also be used, for example, to locallydeliver medicaments to tissues such as tumors or organs.

Specific embodiments of the invention will now be described in detail.These Examples are intended to be illustrative, and the invention is notlimited to the materials, conditions, or process parameters set forth inthese embodiments. All parts and percentages are by weight unlessotherwise indicated.

EXAMPLES Preparation of Flexible Substrate Material

A length of polypropylene mesh material is obtained having a length ofabout four feet and a width of about 1¾ inches. The polypropylene meshis dipped into a solution of benzalkonium chloride and acetone, toadsorb the benzalkonium chloride on the polypropylene mesh. The mesh issubsequently dried to volatilize and remove the acetone solvent. To abackside of the mesh, a conventional pressure sensitive adhesive isapplied as a continuous layer along the 4-foot length of the mesh, andextending about ⅜ inch from each edge, thus leaving a 1 inch strip alongthe center of the length of the mesh that is not covered by the adhesivesubstance. The applied pressure sensitive adhesive is subsequentlycovered by respective 4-foot by ⅜ inch strips of release paper. Thethus-produced flexible substrate is used in the following Examples.

Example 1

A patient is presented having a one inch cut on the arm. The cut doesnot extend fully through the dermal layers of the skin.

Following suitable washing, disinfecting and drying of the area aroundthe cut, a 2-inch length of the prepared flexible substrate is appliedto the wound site. The flexible substrate is applied by first removingone of the two release strip papers and affixing the pressure sensitiveadhesive edge to one side of the cut, about ⅞ inch from the edge of thecut. The second release strip paper is then removed from the flexiblesubstrate. After approximating the wound edges using slight pressureapplied by two fingers, the remaining pressure sensitive adhesive edgeof the flexible substrate is applied to the other side of the cut, about⅞ inch from the edge of the cut. The flexible substrate extends about ½inch beyond each end of the wound.

A quantity of a stabilized 2-octyl cyanoacrylate adhesive is applied tothe exposed surface of the flexible substrate, and is spread to permeateinto and fully cover the flexible substrate. Polymerization of thecomposition proceeds in about 1 minute. After complete polymerization,the edges of the flexible substrate adhered to the tissue using pressuresensitive adhesive are peeled back, and those portions of the flexiblesubstrate are removed by trimming with surgical scissors. The result isa firmly bonded composite structure, bonded to the skin over the fullarea of the cut.

The composite structure remains in place for about 10 to 14 days, duringwhich time the wound heals.

Example 2

A patient is presented having a four inch cut on the leg. The cutextends fully through the dermal layers of the skin.

Following suitable washing, disinfecting and drying of the area aroundthe cut, subcutaneous dissolvable sutures are used to approximate andclose the subcutaneous layers in the wound. Next, a 5-inch length of theprepared flexible substrate is applied to the wound site. The flexiblesubstrate is applied by first removing one of the two release strippapers and affixing the pressure sensitive adhesive edge to one side ofthe cut, about ⅞ inch from the edge of the cut. The second release strippaper is then removed from the flexible substrate. After approximatingthe wound edges using slight pressure applied by the hands, theremaining pressure sensitive adhesive edge of the flexible substrate isapplied to the other side of the cut, about ⅞ inch from the edge of thecut. The flexible substrate extends about ½ inch beyond each end of thewound.

A quantity of a stabilized 2-octyl cyanoacrylate adhesive is applied tothe exposed surface of the flexible substrate, and is spread to permeateinto and fully cover the flexible substrate. Polymerization of thecomposition proceeds in about 1 minute. After complete polymerization,the edges of the flexible substrate adhered to the tissue using pressuresensitive adhesive are peeled back, and those portions of the flexiblesubstrate are removed by trimming with surgical scissors. The result isa firmly bonded composite structure, bonded to the skin over the fullarea of the laceration.

The composite structure remains in place for about 10 to 14 days, duringwhich time the cut heals.

Comparative Example 1

A patient is presented having a four inch cut on the leg, substantiallysimilar to the laceration of the patient in Example 2. The cut extendsfully through the dermal layers of the skin.

Following suitable washing, disinfecting and drying of the area aroundthe cut, subcutaneous dissolvable sutures are used to approximate andclose the subcutaneous layers in the wound, in a similar manner toExample 2. Next, conventional sutures and staples are used to close thesurface layers of the wound. The wound is subsequently covered by gauzepads and an ace bandage to control residual bleeding.

The wound dressing is maintained in place for about 10 to 14 days, beingchanged several times over that period to provide clean gauze. After thedressing is removed, the sutures and staples on the surface of the skinare removed.

A comparison of the results of Example 2 and Comparative Example 1indicate that healing of the wounds is substantially identical. However,the results of Example 2 indicate an improvement in wound appearance,with less evident skin trauma. The patient in Example 2 also reportsincreased comfort in initial dressing application, in appearance andfeeling over the intervening 10-14 days, and in removal of the dressing.

While the invention has been described with reference to preferredembodiments, the invention is not limited to the specific examplesgiven, and other embodiments and modifications can be made by thoseskilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of theinvention.

1-55. (canceled)
 56. A method of bonding tissue, comprising: placing a flexible material over a section of tissue, wherein said flexible material comprises a polymerization initiator or rate modifier disposed in or on said flexible material, and an adhesive substance applied over at least a portion of a bottom side of said flexible material; applying a polymerizable adhesive composition to at least a portion of a top surface of the flexible material; and allowing the polymerizable adhesive composition to permeate into and under the flexible material and polymerize to form a composite structure bonded to said tissue.
 57. The method of claim 56, wherein the flexible material is biodegradable or nonbiodegradable.
 58. The method of claim 57, wherein the flexible material is a mesh.
 59. The method of claim 58, wherein the mesh is formed of either woven or non-woven fabrics or materials.
 60. The method of claim 56, wherein the polymerization initiator or rate modifier is selected from the group consisting of detergent compositions, nonionic surfactants, cationic surfactants, anionic surfactants, stannous octoate (tin(II) 2-ethylhexanoate), sodium tetradecyl sulfate, amphoteric or zwitterionic surfactants, amines, imines, amides, phosphines, phosphates, phosphonium salts, alcohols, methyl gallate, ascorbic acid, tannins, tannic acid, inorganic bases and salts, sulfur compounds, polymeric cyclic ethers, cyclic and acyclic carbonates, phase transfer catalysts, organometallics, manganese acetylacetonate, radical initiators and radicals, and bioactive compounds or agents.
 61. The method of claim 60, wherein the polymerization initiator is one or more quaternary ammonium halide.
 62. The method of claim 61, wherein the polymerization initiator is one or more alkylbenzyldimethylammonium chloride having an alkyl ranging from 6-18 carbon atoms.
 63. The method of claim 56, wherein the adhesive substance is a pressure sensitive adhesive.
 64. The method of claim 56, wherein the polymerizable adhesive composition is a monomeric composition.
 65. The method of claim 64, wherein polymerizable adhesive composition comprises one or more 1,1-disubstituted ethylene monomers.
 66. The method of claim 65, wherein polymerizable adhesive composition comprises one or more monomer selected from the group consisting of methyl cyanoacrylate, ethyl cyanoacrylate, n-butyl cyanoacrylate, 2-octyl cyanoacrylate, methoxyethyl cyanoacrylate, ethoxyethyl cyanoacrylate, dodecyl cyanoacrylate, 2-ethylhexyl cyanoacrylate, butyl cyanoacrylate, 3-methoxybutyl cyanoacrylate, 2-butoxyethyl cyanoacrylate, 2-isopropoxyethyl cyanoacrylate, 1-methoxy-2-propyl cyanoacrylate, hexyl cyanoacrylate, butyl lactoyl cyanoacrylate, butyl glycolcyl cyanoacrylate, ethyl lactoyl cyanoacrylate, and ethyl glycoloyl cyanoacrylate.
 67. The method of claim 61, wherein the polymerizable adhesive composition a monomeric composition.
 68. The method of claim 67, wherein polymerizable adhesive composition comprises one or more 1,1-disubstituted ethylene monomers.
 69. The method of claim 68, wherein polymerizable adhesive composition comprises one or more monomer selected from the group consisting of methyl cyanoacrylate, ethyl cyanoacrylate, n-butyl cyanoacrylate, 2-octyl cyanoacrylate, methoxyethyl cyanoacrylate, ethoxyethyl cyanoacrylate, dodecyl cyanoacrylate, 2-ethylhexyl cyanoacrylate, butyl cyanoacrylate, 3-methoxybutyl cyanoacrylate, 2-butoxyethyl cyanoacrylate, 2-isopropoxyethyl cyanoacrylate, 1-methoxy-2-propyl cyanoacrylate, hexyl cyanoacrylate, butyl lactoyl cyanoacrylate, butyl glycolcyl cyanoacrylate, ethyl lactoyl cyanoacrylate, and ethyl glycoloyl cyanoacrylate.
 70. The method of claim 56, wherein the flexible material is a polypropylene mesh, the polymerization initiator is benzalkonium chloride, the adhesive substance is a pressure sensitive adhesive, and the polymerizable adhesive composition comprises 2-octyl cyanoacrylate monomer.
 71. A method of bonding tissue, comprising: placing a biodegradable flexible material over a section of tissue, wherein said flexible material comprises a polymerization initiator or rate modifier disposed in or on said flexible material; applying a polymerizable adhesive composition comprising at least one alkyl ester cyanoacrylate monomer to at least a portion of a top surface of the biodegradable flexible material; and allowing the polymerizable adhesive composition to permeate into and under the biodegradable flexible material and polymerize to form a composite structure bonded to said tissue.
 72. A wound closure kit, comprising: a flexible material, wherein said flexible material comprises a polymerization initiator or rate modifier disposed in or on said flexible material, an adhesive substance applied over at least a portion of a bottom side of said flexible material, and a release liner to preserve the adhesiveness of the flexible material until time of use; and a polymerizable adhesive composition in an applicator. 